Homeostasis.swf / Pengaturan Cairan dalam Tubuh.swf

Wednesday, March 14, 2012

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This file is about homeostasis animation. It easy explanation, so you can learn more about it. Homeostasis is an (ideal or virtual) state of equilibrium, in which all body systems are working and interacting in an appropriate way to fulfill all the needs of the person and/or the body.

When homeostasis is interrupted (e.g. by response to a stressor), the body tries to restore it by adjusting one or more physiological processes. This stress-adaption mechanism includes activation of the Hypothalamic-Pitauitary-Andrenal Axis (HPA Axis) with the autonomous nervous system and endocrine reactions of the body.

Severe stressors or long lasting adjustment demands can cause severe imbalance of this steady state. This might cause not only psychological distress but also psycho-somatic disorders.

Thirocsine.swf / Hormon Thyrocsin.swf

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 Tjis file explain about Thyroid organ that secrete Throcsine hormone. Thirocsine hormone animation can download and can ply using flash media or swf format. This file also explain about feed back hormone process.

Homeostasis.swf

Monday, January 16, 2012

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Homeostasis is the control of internal conditions, be it temperature, specific blood conditions or other variables within living organisms. The term ‘Homeostasis’ was first defined by the French physiologist, Claude Bernard, in 1865.

The purpose of homeostasis is to provide a consistent internal environment for set processes to occur. Each process, or reaction, has a desirable peak environment called the norm. Influences, such as an external influence, can cause deviation away from this norm level and the body will correct this change – this is called negative feedback.

Examples of negative feedback:

    * When blood pressure rises the heart will slow.
    * If glucose levels are too high the pancreas secretes insulin to stimulate the absorption of glucose.

Negative feedback is the most common type of reaction, because it is only natural to rectify a potential problem, but there is also positive feedback. This is when the body will push itself further away from the norm level. An example of this:

    * During hypothermia – if a human’s body temperature falls and is being lost quicker than it can be produced the metabolic rate will also drop. This causes a positive feedback and the body temperature will fall further from the norm.

Temperature Control

Many of the body’s enzymes are sensitive to temperature change, even by a few degrees difference, which then affects their reactions. This is because humans are endotherms, or warm blooded creatures, and are depend on creating their own heat.

Ways to change temperature:

    * Radiation – The transfer of heat between two objects through the air.
    * Conduction – The transfer of heat from direct contact between two objects.
    * Convection – The transfer of heat through moving air.
    * Evaporation – The loss of heat (and energy) through changing a liquid into a vapour.

The hypothalamus, located in the central brain, controls body temperature, hunger & thirst and sleep. It regulates body temperature by detecting change in blood temperature and sending relevant signals through the nervous system to the body’s organs to rectify this.

Endocrine.swf / Endokrin.swf

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The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes of the body), and sexual development and function. The hormones are released into the bloodstream and may affect one or several organs throughout the body.

Hormones are chemical messengers created by the body. They transfer information from one set of cells to another to coordinate the functions of different parts of the body.

The major glands of the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive organs (ovaries and testes). The pancreas is also a part of this system; it has a role in hormone production as well as in digestion.

The endocrine system is regulated by feedback in much the same way that a thermostat regulates the temperature in a room. For the hormones that are regulated by the pituitary gland, a signal is sent from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland in the form of a "releasing hormone," which stimulates the pituitary to secrete a "stimulating hormone" into the circulation. The stimulating hormone then signals the target gland to secrete its hormone. As the level of this hormone rises in the circulation, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland shut down secretion of the releasing hormone and the stimulating hormone, which in turn slows the secretion by the target gland. This system results in stable blood concentrations of the hormones that are regulated by the pituitary gland.

Endocrine System.swf / Endikrin.swf

Tuesday, August 16, 2011

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The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes of the body), and sexual development and function. The hormones are released into the bloodstream and may affect one or several organs throughout the body.

Hormones are chemical messengers created by the body. They transfer information from one set of cells to another to coordinate the functions of different parts of the body.

The major glands of the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive organs (ovaries and testes). The pancreas is also a part of this system; it has a role in hormone production as well as in digestion.

The endocrine system is regulated by feedback in much the same way that a thermostat regulates the temperature in a room. For the hormones that are regulated by the pituitary gland, a signal is sent from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland in the form of a "releasing hormone," which stimulates the pituitary to secrete a "stimulating hormone" into the circulation. The stimulating hormone then signals the target gland to secrete its hormone. As the level of this hormone rises in the circulation, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland shut down secretion of the releasing hormone and the stimulating hormone, which in turn slows the secretion by the target gland. This system results in stable blood concentrations of the hormones that are regulated by the pituitary gland.

Produce Insulin.swf / Produksi Insulin.swf

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Insulin is a hormone that regulates the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood and is required for the body to function normally. Insulin is produced by cells in the pancreas, called the islets of Langerhans. These cells continuously release a small amount of insulin into the body, but they release surges of the hormone in response to a rise in the blood glucose level.

Certain cells in the body change the food ingested into energy, or blood glucose, that cells can use. Every time a person eats, the blood glucose rises. Raised blood glucose triggers the cells in the islets of Langerhans to release the necessary amount of insulin. Insulin allows the blood glucose to be transported from the blood into the cells. Cells have an outer wall, called a membrane, that controls what enters and exits the cell. Researchers do not yet know exactly how insulin works, but they do know insulin binds to receptors on the cell's membrane. This activates a set of transport molecules so that glucose and proteins can enter the cell. The cells can then use the glucose as energy to carry out its functions. Once transported into the cell, the blood glucose level is returned to normal within hours.

Without insulin, the blood glucose builds up in the blood and the cells are starved of their energy source. Some of the symptoms that may occur include fatigue, constant infections, blurred eye sight, numbness, tingling in the hands or legs, increased thirst, and slowed healing of bruises or cuts. The cells will begin to use fat, the energy source stored for emergencies. When this happens for too long a time the body produces ketones, chemicals produced by the liver. Ketones can poison and kill cells if they build up in the body over an extended period of time. This can lead to serious illness and coma.

People who do not produce the necessary amount of insulin have diabetes. There are two general types of diabetes. The most severe type, known as Type I or juvenile-onset diabetes, is when the body does not produce any insulin. Type I diabetics usually inject themselves with different types of insulin three to four times daily. Dosage is taken based on the person's blood glucose reading, taken from a glucose meter. Type II diabetics produce some insulin, but it is either not enough or their cells do not respond normally to insulin. This usually occurs in obese or middle aged and older people. Type II diabetics do not necessarily need to take insulin, but they may inject insulin once or twice a day.

There are four main types of insulin manufactured based upon how soon the insulin starts working, when it peaks, and how long it lasts in the body. According to the American Diabetes Association, rapid-acting insulin reaches the blood within 15 minutes, peaks at 30-90 minutes, and may last five hours. Short-acting insulin reaches the blood within 30 minutes, it peaks about two to four hours later and stays in the blood for four to eight hours. Intermediate-acting insulin reaches the blood two to six hours after injection, peaks four to 14 hours later, and can last in the blood for 14-20 hours. And long-acting insulin takes six to 14 hours to start working, it has a small peak soon after, and stays in the blood for 20-24 hours. Diabetics each have different responses to and needs for insulin so there is no one type that works best for everyone. Some insulin is sold with two of the types mixed together in one bottle.

Steroid Hormone Secretion.swf / Sekresi Hormon Steroid

Monday, August 1, 2011

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Steroids are lipophilic, low-molecular weight compounds derived from cholesterol that play a number of important physiological roles. The steroid hormones are synthesized mainly by endocrine glands such as the gonads (testis and ovary), the adrenals and (during gestation) by the fetoplacental unit, and are then released into the blood circulation. They act both on peripheral target tissues and the central nervous system (CNS). An important function of the steroid hormones is to coordinate physiological and behavioural responses for specific biological purposes, e.g. reproduction. Thus, gonadal steroids influence the sexual differentiation of the genitalia and of the brain, determine secondary sexual characteristics during development and sexual maturation, contribute to the maintenance of their functional state in adulthood and control or modulate sexual behaviour. It has been recently discovered (review in ref. 1) that, in addition to the endocrine glands, the CNS is also able to form a number of biologically active steroids directly from cholesterol (the so-called "neurosteroids"). These neurosteroids, however, are more likely to have "autocrine" or "paracrine" functions rather than true endocrine effects.

Despite their relatively simple chemical structure, steroids occur in a wide variety of biologically active forms. This variety is not only due to the large range of compounds secreted by steroid-synthesizing tissues, but also to the fact that circulating steroids are extensively metabolised peripherally, notably in the liver, and in their target tissues, where conversion to an active form is sometimes required before they can elicit their biological responses. Steroid metabolism is therefore important not only for the production of these hormones, but also for the regulation of their cellular and physiological actions. This chapter will consider both aspects of steroid metabolism. The emphasis will be on the functional and biological significance of metabolism in endocrine physiology rather than on an extensive description of the metabolic pathways and the enzymes involved.

Gastric Secretion.swf / Sekresi Asam Lmbung.swf

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Gastric is a hollow muscular organ shaped like a big cage, consists of three parts: cardia, fundus and antrum. Food into the stomach from the esophagus through a ring-shaped muscle (sphincter), which can open and close. Under normal circumstances, the sphincter prevents re-entry of gastric contents into the esophagus. Stomach serves as a storehouse of food, which contracts rhythmically to mix food with enzymes. The cells lining the stomach produce three important substances:
- Mucus
- Hydrochloric acid
- Precursor of pepsin (enzymes that break the protein).
Mucus protects the stomach cells from damage by stomach acid and enzymes.
Any abnormalities in this mucus layer (whether due to infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or aspirin), can cause damage that leads to the formation of ulcers.

Hydrochloric acid creates an atmosphere that is very acidic, which is required by pepsin to break down proteins.
High gastric acidity also acts as a barrier against infection by killing many bacteria.
Acid release is stimulated by:
- The nerves to the stomach
- Gastrin (a hormone secreted by the stomach)
- Histamine (a substance secreted by the stomach).

Pepsin is responsible for about 10% protein solution.
Pepsin is the only enzyme that digests collagen, which is a protein and the main content of the meat. Only a few substances that can be absorbed directly from the stomach (such as alcohol and aspirin) and even then only in very small quantities.

Endocrine Epithelium.swf / Epitel endokrin.swf

Tuesday, July 26, 2011

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Thyroid Gland

The epithelium of this endocrine gland is arranged in fluid-filled spheres called follicles, which look like large circles with pink centers ( HA3 f). The pink material is the precursor for thyroid hormone. The size of the follicles varies with plane of section. The follicular epithelium is primarily simple cuboidal, but some (upper left) is simple squamous. As you will learn in Unit 3, the morphology (shape, appearance) of an endocrine epithelium varies with the synthetic activity of the cells. Which would you predict is less active, squamous or cuboidal cells?

The spaces among the follicles are blood vessels. You probably expected to see blood in the vessels, but they are empty because of how the tissue was fixed. There are two general techniques used to fix tissue for light microscopy:

•  immersion fixation , where the tissue is removed from the animal and placed into a vial of fixative

•  perfusion fixation , where saline is pumped through the vasculature to flush out the blood, then fixative is pumped through to fix the tissues

So, depending on how the tissue was fixed, there may or may not be blood in the vessels.

Endocrine.swf / Endokrin.swf

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In general, the endocrine system is in charge of body processes that happen slowly, such as cell growth. Faster processes like breathing and body movement are controlled by the nervous system. But even though the nervous system and endocrine system are separate systems, they often work together to help the body function properly.

The foundations of the endocrine system are the hormones and glands. As the body's chemical messengers, hormones (pronounced: hor-moanz) transfer information and instructions from one set of cells to another. Many different hormones move through the bloodstream, but each type of hormone is designed to affect only certain cells.

A gland is a group of cells that produces and secretes, or gives off, chemicals. A gland selects and removes materials from the blood, processes them, and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere in the body.

Some types of glands release their secretions in specific areas. For instance, exocrine (pronounced: ek-suh-krin) glands, such as the sweat and salivary glands, release secretions in the skin or inside the mouth. Endocrine glands, on the other hand, release more than 20 major hormones directly into the bloodstream where they can be transported to cells in other parts of the body.nds.

Endocrine System.swf / Sistem Endokrin.swf

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Your endocrine system is a collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate your body's growth, metabolism, and sexual development and function. The hormones are released into the bloodstream and transported to tissues and organs throughout your body. The Table below the illustration describes the function of these glands.